Tapioca Starch

Luciana Agostinho, et al. Cosmetics, 2014, 11(2), 63.

A composite polymer film was successfully prepared using a combination of pectin and tapioca starch (TS) to achieve the delivery of rice bran oil nanoemulsion (NE) to the skin. The results show that the composite film exhibits good formability, sealing effect, flexibility, and compatibility with skin.
Preparation procedures of pectin/tapioca starch-based films
· Nanoemulsions were produced using the Phase Inversion Composition method, with the aqueous phase consisting of 80.0% purified water from reverse osmosis. The oily phase included 10.0% rice bran oil, along with PEG-30 castor oil and Sorbitan Monooleate surfactants also at 10.0%. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value for the nanoemulsion was 8. Heating the aqueous phase to 75 ± 5 °C, it was then poured over the heated oily phase containing surfactants at the same temperature. The mixture was stirred at 600 rpm for 15 minutes in an electric stirrer until it reached room temperature of 25 ± 5 °C.
· For film preparation, a mixture of pectin, tapioca starch, and either glycerol or propylene glycol as plasticizer was stirred until fully dissolved. The nanoemulsion was added and heated to 75 ± 2 °C for 10 minutes under agitation. The solution was then cast into a Petri dish and submerged in a calcium chloride solution for 5 minutes to crosslink the film. The resulting film was removed from the dish and dried on absorbent paper.

Owi, Wei Tieng, et al. Chemical engineering transactions, 2017, 56, 463-468.

This work developed starch-based green composite films prepared with sustainable materials to meet ecological and economic requirements as packaging materials. In addition, the effects of nanocellulose (NC) and citric acid (CA) on the tensile and thermal properties of tapioca starch (TS) green composite films were investigated. The results showed that the tensile properties in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break were improved in TS/NC films cross-linked using CA. Among the cross-linked green composite films tested, the cross-linked TS/3 phr NC showed the highest tensile strength of 13.3 MPa.
Preparation Procedure of Cassava Starch-Based Films
· Composite films made from TS without the use of CA were prepared by dispersing nanocellulose in 100 mL of distilled water and 0.8 g of glycerol with the help of an ultrasonicator for 30 minutes. Then, 4 g of TS was added to the mixture.
· Different amounts of nanocellulose, ranging from 0.5 to 5 phr based on the dry weight of TS, were added to the mixture. The mixture was heated to 80 °C, stirred vigorously for 30 minutes to allow gelatinization of TS, then cast into a 15 cm-diameter Teflon-coated mould and dried in an air circulating oven at 40 °C for 24 hours.
· The same procedure was repeated for composites that included 0.4 g of CA before gelatinization, then were cured at 105 °C for 15 minutes. TS films without nanocellulose were used as a control.